*Get the Official Certificate after Completing the Course Learn Malware Analysis and Reverse Engineering Deeply with CRMA+ 2022 Course. Breaking something down and putting it back together is a process that helps people understand how things were made. A person…
There are two types of CAN packets: extended and standard. Extended packages are like standard ones but with a larger area (BITS) to hold IDs.Standard PacketsEach CAN bus packet contains four key elements:Arbitration ID The arbitration ID is a broadcast…
Chip Tuning Chip tuning is the oldest form of engine computer modification. Most early engine controllers used dedicated ROM memory chips. In order to change a chip’s operation, you had to physically remove the chip, reprogram it outside the ECU,…
Passive Technical Reconnaissance ActivitiesConducting passive reconnaissance activities for technical information means you are trying to identify subdomains, IP addresses, doing DNS footprinting, and getting WHOIS information of the target domain.WHOIS LookupWith a WHOIS lookup, you can find out who registered…
The Flexray bus FlexRay is a high-speed bus that can communicate at speeds of up to 10Mbps. It’s geared for time-sensitive communication, such as drive-by wire, steer-by-wire, brake-by-wire, and so on. FlexRay is more expensive to implement than CAN, so…
Hacking into an automotive control module far enough to retrieve its current firmware and configuration is really just the beginning of the adventure. At this point, you probably have anywhere from 4KB to 4MB of raw machine-ready code, with a…
CAN is a simple protocol used in manufacturing and in the automobile industry. Modern vehicles are full of little embedded systems and electronic control units (ECUs) that can communicate using the CAN protocol. CAN has been a standard on US…
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How Engine Immobiliser Works:The engine immobilizer is an anti-theft system built in the engine ECU. It prevents the engine from starting without using vehicle’s authorized key. This system uses a special digitally coded key or a Smart Key fob. This…
Direct-Current Motor Principles DC motors use the interaction of magnetic fields to convert the electrical energy into mechanical energy. Magnetic lines of force flow from the north pole to the south pole of a magnet If a current-carrying conductor is…